Process for making a monofilament-like product

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a process for making a monofilament-like product from a precursor containing at least one strand of a spun yarn made from polyolefin staple fibres, comprising the steps of a) exposing the precursor to a temperature within the melting point range of the polyolefin for a time sufficient to at least partly fuse adjacent fibres and b) simultaneously stretching the precursor at a draw ratio of at least 1.0. The invention further relates to a monofilament-like product obtainable by said process showing improved abrasion resistance, and to the use of said monofilament-like product for making various semi-finished and end-use products.

This application is a continuation of commonly owned co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/530,435, filed Apr. 6, 2005, which in turn is the national phase application under 35 USC §371 of PCT/NL2003/000687, filed Oct. 10, 2003, which designated the U.S. and claims priority to EP 02079204.0 filed Oct. 10, 2002, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

The invention relates to a process for making a monofilament-like product from a precursor containing at least one strand of polyolefin fibres, comprising the steps of a) exposing the precursor to a temperature within the melting point range of the polyolefin for a time sufficient to at least partly fuse adjacent fibres and b) simultaneously stretching the precursor at a draw ratio of at least 1.0. The invention further relates to a monofilament-like product for making various semi-finished and end-use products.

Such a process is known from EP 0740002 B1. In this patent publication a process for making a fishing line from yarns of filamentous materials is described, wherein a braided, twisted, or twisted and plied fishing line made from yarns of gel spun polyolefin filaments, is exposed to a temperature within the melting point range of said polyolefin for a time sufficient to at least partially fuse adjacent filaments while stretching said line at a stretching ratio within the range from 1.01 to 2.5. The yarns applied in this process are continuous multi-filament yarns, more specifically such yarns made by so-called gel spinning of ultra-high molar mass polyethylene (UHMwPE), for example yarns commercially available under the names Spectra® of Dyeema®.

Fishing lines are generally monofilaments made from synthetic polymers, having a round, firm structure that allows convenient handling for bait casting, spinning, and spin casting. Such monofilament lines generally have a still nature and smooth surface, which combine to reduce drag during the case and enable longer casts while providing better release from fishing reels. Braided lines are less suited for fishing lines, because they have a tendency to fray at the end of the line, may entrap water, present an outer surface that is vulnerable to snags and entanglement, and have an opaque white colour which is too visible below water. The process known from EP 0740002 B1 allows making monofilament-like fishing lines from braided or twisted lines made from polyolefin multi-filaments yarns, which lines do not have the said disadvantages of braided lines.

A disadvantage of the process described in EP 0740002 B1 is that the product obtained therewith shows limited resistance to break when exposed to abrasive conditions.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a process for making a monofilament-like product that does not show said disadvantage.

This object is achieved according to the invention with a process for making a monofilament-like product from a precursor containing at least one strand of polyolefin fibres, comprising the steps of a) exposing the precursor to a temperature within the melting point range of the polyolefin for a time sufficient to at least partly fuse adjacent fibres and b) simultaneously stretching the precursor at a draw ratio of at least 1.0, wherein the strand is a spun yarn made from polyolefin staple fibres.

With the process according to the invention a monofilament-like product can be made from e.g. a plied or braided polyolefin yarn construction, which product shows improved abrasion resistance, as expressed in the number of cycles until break as measured in a test described under Materials and Methods.

The monofilament-like product obtained by the process according to the invention also shows surprisingly high tensile strength, significantly higher than the initial spun yarn or the plied yarn made from such spun yarn and used as the precursor. The mono-filament-like product obtained further has a pleasant touch or feel and can be easily handled and knotted; furthermore it shows surprisingly high knot strength and knot strength efficiency. Another advantage of the process according to the invention is that the degree of fusion can be easily varied and controlled; resulting in products with tailored property profiles. A still further advantage is that the monofilament-like product obtained may be effectively coated with a coating composition in an additional process step.

With the process according to the invention a monofilament-like product is made from a precursor containing at least one strand of polyolefin fibres. A monofilament-like product is understood to be a product that has an appearance and feel more resembling that of a monofilament than that of multi-filament yarn or cord, but which actually is made from at least one strand containing a multitude of fibres, which fibres typically have a diameter of less than about 50 micrometer.

The monofilament-like product may have a diameter that varies within a wide range, e.g from about 0.1 up to 10 millimetre. A precursor is herein understood to be an article of indefinite length that contains at least one strand of polyolefin fibres, and is used as feed or starting material. A suitable precursor can be in the form of for example a braided cord, a plied and twisted yarn, cord or rope comprising a number of strands, but also a single-strand yarn. A strand of polyolefin fibres is understood to be a fibrous article like a yarn containing predominantly, i.e. 50 or more mass % of polyolefin fibres.

The process according to the invention comprises the step of exposing the precursor to a temperature within the melting point range of the polyolefin for a time sufficient to at least partly fuse adjacent fibres. The conditions of this fusion step are chosen such, that the temperature and time of exposure are sufficient to soften the polyolefin fibres and to allow them to fuse at least partly within the specific structure applied. The melting point range of the polyolefin is the temperature range between the peak melting point of a non-oriented polyolefin and the peak melting point of a constrained highly-oriented polyolefin fibre, as determined by DSC analysis using a scan-rate of 20° C./min. For UHMwPE fibres, typically showing a melting point range of 138-162° C., the temperature is preferably within the range from about 150° C. up to about 157° C. Residence times during which the precursor is exposed to the fusion temperature may vary within a broad range, but are typically within the range from about 5 seconds to about 1500 seconds. Although higher temperatures tend to enhance the fusion process, care should be taken not to apply too high a temperature as this may cause loss in strength of the product, resulting from e.g. partial melting or other molecular relaxation effects.

During the fusion process, the appearance of the precursor changes from an initial, opaque white colour into a translucent, milky, or even substantially transparent surface appearance of the product, depending on the degree of fusion and type of precursor material. The light transmission of the product increases with increased degree of fusion between fibres. Such an increase in translucency or light transmission is a definite advantage for application as underwater fishing lines.

For a monofilament-like product showing low end fraying it suffices that the outer surface layer of fibres is at least partly fused, as seen by increase in light transmission. A higher degree of fusion, e.g. also binding fibres in more inner parts of a precursor or strand, however, is preferred for making a product with higher abrasion resistance, and a higher bending stiffness, that is with more monofilament-like characteristics. The degree of fusion can be adjusted by varying exposure temperature and/or time of exposure in the process according to the invention.

The degree of fusion can be determined on the product obtained, for example by visual evaluation, e.g. with the naked aye or by using an optical or electron microscope; or by measuring mechanical properties like strength or stiffness. Another possibility is to determine the amount and rate of absorption of a coloured liquid, e.g. from a marker, as described in EP 0740002 B1. The degree of fusion can also be derived from a test, wherein the loaded product is abraded over a metal rod and the number of movements is determined after which the monofilament-like product disintegrates into its constituting filaments.

In a special embodiment of the process, the degree of fusion is only very low, or even hardly measurable on the product obtained. Surprisingly, it has been found that such product that has been stretched at elevated temperature does show markedly improved tensile strength over its precursor, be it that the abrasion resistance is only slightly better. The invention therefore also relates to a process for stretching a braided or plied construction containing at least one strand of spun yarn made from polyolefin staple fibres at a draw ratio of at least 1.1, while exposing it to a temperature within the melting point range of the polyolefin. The product obtained with this process shows improved tensile properties, but still has bending properties much like the starting construction.

The process according to the invention also includes simultaneously stretching the precursor at a draw ratio, also called stretch ratio, of at least 1.0. Applying a draw ratio of at least 1 to the precursor during the heat exposure prevents a decrease in strength of the product. A draw ratio of 1.1 or higher tends to improve especially the tensile strength. The strength of the product is than surprisingly found to be significantly higher than that of the precursor or of the strands contained therein. Above a certain draw ratio this effect levels off, or strength may even decrease as result of partly damaging or breaking of fibres. In addition, the higher the draw ratio, the lower the titre of the resulting product. The maximum draw ratio is thus dependent on the type of precursor and its fibres, and is generally at most about 50. Preferably, the draw ratio is from 1.1 to 40, from 1.2 to 25, more preferably from 1.3 to 10, or even from 1.4 to 5.

Preferably, the product obtained after step b) is cooled while keeping it under tension. This has the advantage that the orientation in the product obtained during fusing and stretching, on a level of fibres and on molecular level within fibres, is retained better. Such tension results from, for example, winding the product into packages subsequent to preceding steps of the process.

In the process according to the invention at least one strand in the precursor is a spun yarn made from polyolefin staple fibres, that is the spun yarn comprises at least 50 mass % of polyolefin staple fibres. In general, yarns can be made of continuous filaments, staple fibres or combinations thereof. Natural fibres can be classified in two categories: short staple fibres (cotton like, with typical staple or filament length 15-60 mm) and long staple fibres (wool like, typical staple length 40-200 mm). Synthetic fibres are first made as continuous filaments; they can be subsequently converted into staple fibres by either cutting or stretch breaking processes. Cutting generally leads to a square filament distribution (all filaments having about the same length); although modified systems allow obtaining some variation in the filament length distribution. Stretch breaking generally results in staple fibres having a more Gaussian-like distribution of filament lengths. In a stretch breaking process, the filaments are stretched between several sets of rollers operating at different speeds until they break.

Staple fibres can be made into yarn via a process of pulling and twisting strands of parallel fibres, generally referred to as spinning. For this reason, yarn made from staple fibres is called spun yarn.

Industrial yarn spinning processes include the following basic process steps: loosening, carding, drawing and spinning. Loosening refers to separating and optionally cleaning of e.g. baled staple fibres. Carding is the further loosening and separating of fibres, for example by passing them between rotating drums covered with needles. This results in a thin web of partly paralleled fibres, which is formed into a rope-like strand often called a sliver. Combing may then be applied to enhance orientation of fibres and to remove small fibres. During drawing, slivers are drawn out in one or more steps. Several slivers, either of the same or of different staple fibres, may be blended together in order to obtain a uniform fibre density. Mixing staple fibres at the carding stage can also make yarns comprising blends of different natural and/or synthetic fibres. Before feeding to the spinning machine, the sliver may be further drawn while a slight twist is added, called roving. During spinning, the sliver or roving is further drawn out and a twist is added to provide cohesion of the overlapping fibres, and the yarn is winded onto bobbins. Such a package of winded yarn may be of conical or cylindrical form, and is normally simply referred to as package.

The described spinning process results in a twisted, single-strand yarn, also called single yarn. Depending on the twisting direction applied, such yarns are often referred to as either S or Z yarns. A twisted single-strand yarn is generally rather ‘lively’, meaning that it tends to twist, tangle, slant or curl round itself when held with insufficient tension. In order to reduce this liveliness, that is to obtain a calm or balanced yarn that can be satisfactorily further processed into e.g. a fabric, it has been generally accepted in industry that two or more strands of single yarns need to be combined in an additional step. Such combining step is normally called folding or plying. A two-fold yarn, or two-plied yarn can, for example, be made by twisting together two single-strand Z yarns with a S-twist, or by plying together a Z and S type yarn. The thus obtained folded yarns may also be stronger and more uniform than single-strand yarns.

The spun yarn applied in the process according to the invention comprises at least 50 mass % of polyolefin staple fibres. The spun yarn may further comprise up to 50 mass % of one or more other staple fibres, like natural fibres or synthetic fibres, to make a blend yarn. Suitable examples of such secondary staple fibres include wool, polyolefin, acrylic, polyester or polyarnide, including aromatic polyarnide fibres.

In a special embodiment of the process according to the invention, the spun yarn comprises an amount of a staple yarn made from a thermoplastic polymer having a lower melting point range than the polyolefin staple fibres. The advantage hereof is that additional thermal bonding may take place during step a). Use of a spun yarn in the process according to the invention enables this possibility, since making a blended spun yarn is easier and more economical than making a blended multi-filament yarn. Examples of suitable thermoplastic polymers include copolymers of at least one alpha-olefin with other monomers, like LLDPE, or ethylene-acrylic copolymers. Effective amounts of such staple fibres can be determined by experimentation, and are generally about 5 to 25 mass %.

In a further special embodiment according to the invention, the main component of the spun yarn is not a polyolefin staple fibre, but a staple fibre made from a high strength, high modulus filament yarn having a higher heat resistance than a polyolefin and that cannot be thermally bonded per se; like an aromatic polyarnid yarn such as Kevlar® or Twaron®, a liquid crystalline polyester yarn, or polybenzoxazole or polybenzothiazole based yarn. Such spun yarn further comprises up to 50 mass % of a staple yarn made from a thermoplastic polymer having a relatively low melting point range, for example polyolefin staple fibres with a melting point below 200° C. Examples of suitable thermoplastic polymers include copolymers of at least one alpha-olefin with other monomers, like LLDPE, or ethylene-acrylic copolymers. The advantage of this embodiment is that thermal bonding can take place during step a), whereas without the presence of fibres with low melting point no monofilament-like product can be made from such high strength, high modulus filament yarns having a high heat resistance by exposing it to heat while stretching. Effective amounts of such thermoplastic heat fusable staple fibres can be determined by experimentation, and are generally about 5 to 25 mass %. A monofilament-like product based on a spun yarn comprising aromatic polyarnid staple fibres and heat-fusable staple fibres made by said process combines high strength, high abrasion resistance and high thermal resistance.

The spun yarn, and the staple fibres, may further contain the usual additives, like stabilizers, colorants, mineral particles, sizing agents, and the like.

The choice of the other staple fibres, e.g. type, length, titre (dpf), whether they can be fused under the applied temperature and time conditions along with the polyolefin staple fibres, and/or of additives, is mainly determined by the ultimate properties that are desired, and can be made by the skilled person using general knowledge or routine experimentation.

Preferably, the spun yarn that is applied in the process according to the invention comprises at least 60, 70, 80 or even 90 mass % of polyolefin staple fibres, because this enables better mechanical properties of products obtained. For this reason, the spun yarn applied most preferably comprises essentially only said staple fibres.

Staple fibres obtained from various polyolefin yarns can be chosen as staple fibres for application in the process according to the invention. Particularly suitable polyolefin yarns are made from homo- and copolymers of ethylene or propylene. In addition, the polyolefins used may contain small amounts of one or more other monomers, in particular other alpha-olefins. Good results are achieved if linear polyethylene (PE) is chosen as polyolefin. Linear polyethylene is here understood to be polyethylene with less than one side chain per 100 carbon atoms, and preferably less than one side chain per 300 carbon atoms; a side chain or branch usually containing at least 10 carbon atoms. The linear polyethylene may further contain up to 5 mol % of one or more comonomers, such as alkenes like propylene, butene, pentene, 4-methylpentene or octene. Besides the polyolefin the fibre may contain small amounts of solvents or additives that are customary for such fibres, such as anti-oxidants, spin-finishes, thermal stabilizers, colorants, etc.

Preferably, the polyolefin fibre, in particular the polyethylene fibre, has an intrinsic viscosity (IV) of more than 5 dl/g. Because of their long molecule chains, polyolefin fibres with such an IV have very good mechanical properties, such as a high tensile strength, modulus, and energy absorption at break. This is also the reason why even more preferably the polyolefin is a polyethylene with an IV of more than 10 dl/g. The IV is determined according to method PTC-179 (Hercules Inc. Rev. Apr. 29, 1982) at 135° C. in decalin, the dissolution time being 16 hours, the anti-oxidant is DBPC, in an amount of 2 g/l solution, and the viscosity at different concentrations is extrapolated to zero concentration. Polyethylene of such high viscosity is often called UHMwPE. UHMwPE filament yarn can be prepared by spinning of a solution of UHMwPE Into a gel fibre and drawing the fibre before, during and/or after partial or complete removal of the solvent; that is via a so-called gel-spinning process as for example described in EP 0205960 A, in WO 01/73173 A1, in Advanced fiber spinning technology, Ed. T. Nakajima, Woodhead Publ. Ltd (1994), ISBN 185573 182 7, and in references cited therein.

Preferably, UHMwPE staple fibres are chosen, because they combine high strength with a low relative density. More specifically, the spun yarn that is applied in the process according to the invention comprises UHMwPE staple fibres that have been made via a stretch-breaking process from a multi-filament UHMwPE yarn, since the broader fibre length distribution of such staple results in a yarn with better mechanical properties.

In a special embodiment, the spun yarn applied is a single-strand spun yarn. In a further embodiment, the single-strand spun yarn as described in a co-pending application, which is not yet published, is applied in the process according to the invention. This single-strand spun yarn has been made from at least 50 mass % of staple fibres that have been obtained from a continuous polyolefin multifilament yarn having a tensile strength of at least 16 cN/dtex; a tensile modulus of at least 700 cN/dtex; and a denier per filament of fibre of at most 18 dpf; which staple fibres have an average fibre length of between 40 and 180 mm; and show essentially no crimp; and which spun yarn has a twist level characterized by an a twist coefficient of 40-100 t.m.⁻¹.(m/g)^(−1/2). Preferably, the staple fibres have been obtained from highly-oriented polyolefin fibres, such as those based on ultra-high molar mass polyethylene (UHMwPE). The advantage of this process is that translucent or semi-transparent monofilament-like products having a relatively low titre, e.g. of 10-100, preferably 15-50 dTex, and a low relative density can be made at higher overall production rate and lower overall costs compared with the process known from EP 0740002 A1 starting from multi-filament yarns. The products obtained by this process are especially suited for medical applications, like surgical sutures.

The a twist coefficient characterizes the twist level of a yarn according to the Koechlin equation: T=α(Nm)^(1/2), wherein T is the twist level expressed as the number of turns per meter (t.m.⁻¹) and Nm is the metric yarn count (1000/tex, or m/g). This twist coefficient is also referred to as (metric) twist factor, or twist multiplier; see for example at http://www.fibre2fashion.com/GLOSSARY/glossary17.htm. Preferably, the twist coefficient is between 60 and 100, 65 and 90, or even between 70 and 85.

This single-strand spun yarn shows very little liveliness, and is calm enough to enable further processing without the need of first making a folded yarn. The staple fibres in the single-strand spun yarn have been obtained from a filament yarn having a linear density of at most 18 denier per filament (dpf), preferably at most 14, more preferably at most 10 dpf, and even more preferred at most 6, or at most 4 dpf. The lower the linear density of the fibres, the thinner the spun yarn can be, since a certain minimum number of fibres is needed in a cross-section to give a yarn of sufficient integrity. Furthermore, a lower the linear density of the fibres results in higher tensile strength of the spun yarn at a constant yarn titre. In view of fibre production efficiency it is preferred that the linear density is at least 0.2, 0.3 or at least 0.5 dpf. Starting from thinner spun yarns has the advantage that thinner monofilament-like products can be produced in a more economical way.

The single-strand spun yarn applied in the process according to the invention comprises polyolefin staple fibres that show essentially no crimp; the fibres not being, or only slightly textured. Crimp is a measure for the waviness of a fibre, and may be expressed as the difference between the length of the straightened or fully extended fibre and the crimped length, that is the length of the fibre when substantially free from external restraint. Showing essentially no crimp is herein understood to mean that the length of the staple fibres in unstrained condition is at least 80% of the straightened length. Preferably, the crimped length is at least 90% of the straightened length, even better at least 95%. Showing essentially no crimp is further understood to include no permanent crimp. For example, UHMwPE staple fibres may show some crimp that may have been introduced during staple making, but this crimp is not permanent, since it will essentially disappear upon exposing the fibres to elongational forces, which may e.g. occur during spinning.

In the process according to the invention at least one strand in the precursor is a spun yarn made from polyolefin staple fibres. The precursor may also contain one or more strands made from other staple fibres and/or from continuous filaments, to arrive at a monofilament-like product of different degrees of fusion between and within strands and at different mechanical properties and appearance and feel. Such variations can be made by a skilled person using general knowledge or routine experimentation. Preferably, all strands In the precursor are spun yarns based on polyolefin staple fibres, since this allows to vary the degree of fusion, and thus of product properties to a great extent.

The process according to the invention can be performed with a precursor of various constructions, for example of a braided construction, or a plied and twisted construction. Preferably, a precursor with plied (or folded) and twisted strands is applied. This has the advantage that the precursor can be made more easily and more cost-effectively; and that the product obtained shows better performance; especially surprisingly good resistance to failure during abrasion tests.

The process according to the invention can further comprise a step preceding step a) of pretreating the precursor, or one or more of the strands therein, in order to enhance inter fibre bonding during the fusion step. Such pre-treatment step may include coating the precursor with a component or a composition; scouring the precursor, that is washing-off surface components like spin finishes etc.; or applying a high-voltage plasma or corona treatment.

In one embodiment the precursor is pretreated by applying; e.g. by dipping or wetting, an effective amount of a mineral oil (e.g. heat transfer grade mineral oil with an average molar mass of about 250-700), vegetable oil (e.g. coconut oil), or a, preferably non-volatile, solvent for polyolefin, like paraffin. This pre-treatment step may be performed at ambient conditions, or at elevated temperature up to below the melting temperature range of the polyolefin fibre.

In another embodiment, pretreating comprises applying a coating composition to the precursor, which composition may be a solution or dispersion of a polymer that enhances fibre to fibre bonding during exposure to higher temperature at the fusing step, or otherwise improves performance. In a preferred embodiment, the precursor is coated with a polyurethane composition, like a dispersion of film-forming polyurethane. Such a composition may further comprise components that contribute to improving the abrasion- or cut-resistance of the monofilament-like product. Examples of components that improve cut-resistant are small particulate particles of high surface hardness, like mineral particles, ceramic particles, glass, metals and the like. The coating composition may further comprise other additives, like colorants or stabilisers.

The process according to the invention can further comprise a step wherein a coating composition is applied to the product after steps a) and b) to form a coating layer. Such coating composition may comprise a typical spin finish to allow easier handling and processing of the product in subsequent operations; a compound or composition to control adhesion during subsequent making of composite articles comprising the product; or a binder composition that further enhances integrity and strength of the product. Typical examples of the latter include polyurethane or polyolefin-based, like ethylene-acrylic copolymers, binder compositions. The coating composition may be applied as a solution or dispersion. Such a composition may further comprise components that further improve the abrasion- or cut-resistance of the monofilament-like product. Examples of components that improve cut-resistant are small particulate particles of high surface hardness, like various mineral or ceramic particles. The coating composition may further comprise other additives, like colorants, stabilisers, etc.

Application of a coating composition in the process according to the invention is found to be relatively easy and effective compared with a process wherein continuous filament yarn is applied as precursor. Apparently the product obtained after steps a) and b) is more receptive towards such coatings, especially if the fibres at the surface of the product have been only partly fused.

The invention also relates to a monofilament-like product comprising an at least partly fused spun yarn made from polyolefin staple fibres, which product is obtainable by the process according to the invention. This product has a unique structure and combines several advantageous properties; it has the translucent appearance of a monofilament, yet its touch and feel are different from polyolefin monofilaments or monofilament-like products as known from, for example, EP 0740002 B1. The monofilament-like product according to the invention shows surprisingly high resistance to break during abrasive testing; can be easily knotted, and the knotted product shows high retention of strength. The monofilament-like product also shows surprisingly high tensile strength; even significantly higher than the strength of the starting spun yarn in the precursor. Typically, the monofilament-like product has a tensile strength of at least 10 cN/dtex, preferably at least 15, 20 or even 25 cN/dTex. Such a high strength is typically found for a product based on a precursor that comprises a relatively high amount of spun yarn based on UHMwPE staple fibres.

The monofilament-like product obtainable by the process according to the invention has a linear density, also referred to as titre, which may vary within wide limits, e.g. from 10 to 15000 dTex. Generally, the product has a titre of from 30 to 2500 dtex. The lower titre products are suitable for use as sutures and the like. In view of applications like fishing lines, or protective garments and clothing, the titre is preferably from 100 to 1600 dTex, even more preferably from 200 to 1200 dTex.

The invention further relates to the use of the monofilament-like product according to invention for making various semi-finished and end-use products, like fishing-lines; sutures, fabrics; cords and ropes; composite yarns; and their use in for example cut-resistant articles.

The invention also concerns semi-finished and end-use products comprising the monofilament-like product according to the invention.

The invention will now be further illustrated by the following examples and comparative experiments.

Materials and Methods

Multi-filament UHMwPE yarn, Dyneema® 1760SK60 (DSM High Performance Fibres, NL), having a titre of 1760 dTex, a tensile strength of 28 cN/dTex, a tensile modulus of 910 cN/dTex, and a denier per filament of fibre of about 1 dpf was made into staple fibres by a stretch-breaking process, as for example described in EP 0445872 A1. The average length of the staple fibres was about 80 mm. The staple fibres were subsequently spun into a single-strand yarn using NSC equipment of the long staple fibre type. The yarn obtained had a yarn count of about Nm 44 (about 225 dTex), the twist level applied corresponded to at coefficient of about 80 Koechlin law). The spun yarn showed little liveliness, as was demonstrated by cutting a length of 100 cm, holding it vertically fixed at only one end, and observing hardly any tendency to twist. Its tensile strength was about 15.0 cN/dTex, tensile modulus about 153 cN/dTex, and elongation at break about 4.3%. This material is referred to as SSSY hereafter.

The tensile strength (or strength) (and the tensile modulus) are defined and determined on multifilament and spun yarns, and on monofilament-like products as specified in ASTM D885M, using a nominal gauge length of the fibre of 500 mm, a crosshead speed of 50%/min and Instron 2714 clamps. For calculation of the strength, the tensile forces measured are divided by the titre, as determined by weighing 10 metres (or another length) of fibre. Elongation is the measured elongation at break, expressed in % of the original length after clamping the specimen.

Knot strength is determined by measuring the strength of a specimen comprising a Palomar-knot. The Palomar-knot is a general-purpose connection recommended for joining a fishing line to a swivel, a snap or a hook. The doubled end of the specimen is passed through the eye of a hook and a simple overhand knot is made. The hook is then passed through the loop and the knot is tightened.

Knot strength efficiency is calculated as the relative value (%) of the measured knot strength to measured tensile strength.

Abrasion resistance was measured following a procedure based on the test described by ASTM D 3108 for determining yarn friction. For this purpose the Yarn Friction Measuring Apparatus described in ASTM D 3108 has been adapted, such that one end of the sample to be tested is fixed to an eccentric crank or cam rotated by a motor, the other end is loaded with a weight. During the test the sample is abraded against a ceramic eye and the number of cycles is determined until the sample fails (breaks). The number given is the average of at least 5 tests.

Comparative Experiment A

As precursor (feed) material a braided construction made from a multi-filament gel-spun UHMwPE yarn having a titre of 224 dTex, a tensile strength of 39 cN/dTex, a tensile modulus of 1250 cN/dTex, and a denier per filament of fibre of about 1 dpf was applied. This braid contained 8 strands of said yarn braided with a medium tightness, expressed as picks per centimetre, of 7.5 (presented as 8×224/7.5; see Table 1).

This braid was passed through a bath of liquid paraffin as pretreatment step, and excess oil was wiped off by passing between non-woven fabrics. The paraffin content was calculated to be about 11 mass % by determining the mass increase upon this step. The braid was then guided over first driven rolls into an oven, kept at a constant temperature of 153.5° C., with a constant speed of 10 m/min. At the exit of the oven, the braid was guided over second driven rolls. The speed of the second rolls was adjusted such that a draw ratio of 1.9 and a stretch rate of 0.7 m/min was applied. In case a different draw ratio is to be applied, as in some other experiments, the stretch rate in the oven is kept about constant by varying the pathlength of the sample in the oven and the speed of the second rolls. The oven is equipped with a number of rolls, such that the sample pathlength in the oven can be from 2.8 up to 58.8 meter.

The product appearance changed from initially opaque white to almost translucent; its surface was still rather smooth, although definitely less smooth and shiny than of the starting product. Also the product felt more rough and stiffer, and retained at an angle after bending.

Results of further testing are compiled in Table 1. It should be noted that the knot strength efficiency found is markedly lower than reported for similar products in EP 0740002 B1; this may be related to the type of knot that is used.

Comparative Experiment B

The experiment was performed largely analogous to Comp. Exp. A, be it that a twisted and plied construction was made from 6 strands of the same multifilament yarn, applying a clockwise twist of 120 turns/cm (indicated as 6/224; 120Z). Measured paraffin content was about 12 mass %; the draw ratio was 1.8. Results of further testing are compiled in Table 1.

EXAMPLE 1

A braided construction containing 8 strands of the SSSY material described above, with 12 picks/cm (indicated as 8×Nm44/12 in Table 1) was used as precursor. Analogously to Comp. Exp. A this braid was passed through the oven, but without any pre-treatment step and applying a draw ratio of 1.0. The resulting product had similar appearance as its starting material; it was found to have a lower tensile strength than the spun yarn originally applied as strands. The product showed high strength retention after a knot was made.

EXAMPLES 2-3

Example 1 was repeated, but now about 12 mass % paraffin was added before step a) and a draw ratio of 1.8, respectively 1.7, was applied. The more translucent appearance of the products indicates more fusion to have taken place. The surface touch was less smooth than for Comp. Exp. A. Both resulting products have a higher tensile strength than the spun yarn applied as strands, show a higher resistance to bending (stiffer) and retain at an angle after bending. The number of cycles until break during abrasion testing was found to be more than 5 times higher for Ex. 2 than for Comp. Exp. A.

EXAMPLES 4-6

Braided constructions made from the SSSY material described above, containing 8 strands with 9.5 picks/cm were used as precursor. Analogously to Comp. Exp. A, this braid was passed through the oven, but without any pre-treatment step and applying a draw ratio of 1.0. The resulting product appeared to have a lower tensile strength than the spun yarn applied as strands; but a knot could but made with high strength retention (Ex. 4). If a draw ratio of 1.6 or 1.7 was applied, the tensile strength again increased, as with Ex. 2-3; but the abrasion resistance was only slightly better. Apparently under the temperature and time conditions applied, the degree of fusion of the fibres was not high enough to result in high abrasion resistance, without a pre-treatment.

EXAMPLES 7-9

Examples 4-6 were repeated, but now about 13 mass % of paraffin was added to the precursor. A strength increase vs. the original spun yarn was observed for all samples; example 7 confirms the positive effects of a higher degree of fusion on abrasion resistance.

EXAMPLES 10-16

Braided constructions made from the SSSY material described above, containing 8 strands with 7.5 picks/cm were used as precursor. Ex. 10 confirmed that at draw ratio 1.0 no increase in tensile strength is found; and that without pre-treatment and under the chosen conditions only little fusing occurs. Adding paraffin and increasing exposure temperature increases degree of fusion, as judged from appearance change. Improved fusion was also apparent from testing resistance to desintegration of the product upon abrading it over a metal rod; Ex. 11 could withstand 18, Ex. 12 and 13 about 33 movements. A 4-5 fold increase was observed in the number of cycles until break in the abrasion resistance test. A higher temperature or draw ratio did not result in further improvement in tensile properties for the present precursor construction.

EXAMPLE 17

The single-strand spun yarn SSSY was used as precursor. Pretreatment consisted of applying an aqueous polyurethane dispersion, L9010 ex GOVI (BE), via dipping. The polyurethane content was determined (on the resulting product) to be about 15 mass %. The combination of pre-treatment, heat exposure and stretching with draw ratio 1.6 markedly increased tensile strength of the product. The product also had higher stiffness, more translucent appearance, and a knot could be made easily with high strength retention.

EXAMPLES 18-22

As precursor a 6-fold yarn based on SSSY, having a clockwise twist of 120 turns/cm (indicated as 6/Nm44; 120Z) was applied. In Ex. 19 about 13.5 mass % of paraffin was added as pre-treatment, combined with a draw ratio of 1.8. This fused product showed very good resistance to break during abrasion testing; about 15 fold increase vs. Comp. Exp. B. The samples made with a polyurethane pre-treatment (Ex. 20-22; PUR content about 16 mass %) showed very good tensile properties and knot strength (efficiency), and improved abrasion resistance.

EXAMPLES 23-24

The products were based on an 18-fold, twisted yarn (starting strands were SSSY), with about 12.5 mass % paraffin and were made under analogous conditions as before. The results obtained for these thicker products, with titres of about 4100 and 2500 dTex, respectively, are in line with the other results.

TABLE 1 Product properties Abrasion Knot resistance Process characteristics Tensile Knot strength (cycles Precursor material Temp. Draw strength Elongation strength efficiency until Type construction Pre-treatment (° C.) ratio (cN/dTex) (%) (cN/dTex) (%) break) Comp. Braided; 8 × 224/7.5 paraffin 153.5 1.9 27.9 3.8 15.2 54 5998 Exp. A cont. filament yarn Ex. 1 Braided 8 × Nm44/12 none 153.5 1.0 10.8 6.0 8.1 75 Ex. 2 Braided 8 × Nm44/12 paraffin 153.5 1.8 17.2 2.1 9.2 54 32998 Ex. 3 Braided 8 × Nm44/12 paraffin 153.5 1.7 16.5 2.1 Ex. 4 braided 8 × Nm44/9.5 none 153.5 1.0 12.9 4.5 10.5 81 Ex. 5 braided 8 × Nm44/9.5 none 153.5 1.6 22.4 2.8 14.9 67 7828 Ex. 6 braided 8 × Nm44/9.5 none 153.5 1.7 22.2 2.5 Ex. 7 braided 8 × Nm44/9.5 paraffin 153.5 1.6 20.2 2.5 25171 Ex. 8 braided 8 × Nm44/9.5 paraffin 153.5 1.7 16.7 2.0 Ex. 9 braided 8 × Nm44/9.5 paraffin 153.5 1.8 18.5 2.0 Ex. 10 braided 8 × Nm44/7.5 none 153.5 1.0 11.5 4.4 Ex. 11 braided 8 × Nm44/7.5 paraffin 153.5 1.6 20.1 2.5 11.9 59 26234 Ex. 12 braided 8 × Nm44/7.5 paraffin 154.0 1.6 18.1 2.7 Ex. 13 braided 8 × Nm44/7.5 paraffin 154.5 1.6 17.1 2.4 30620 Ex. 14 braided 8 × Nm44/7.5 paraffin 155.0 1.6 16.8 2.7 Ex. 15 braided 8 × Nm44/7.5 paraffin 153.5 1.7 19.8 2.2 Ex. 16 braided 8 × Nm44/7.5 paraffin 153.5 1.8 18.6 2.1 Comp. Plied and twisted 6/224-.120Z paraffin 153.5 1.8 29.4 3.9 17.5 60 6868 Exp B cont. filament yarn Ex. 17 Single spun yarn Nm44 PUR 153.5 1.6 21.4 2.1 17.1 80 Ex. 18 Plied; twisted 6/Nm44; 120Z none 153.5 1.0 14.8 4.0 Ex 19 Plied; twisted 6/Nm44; 120Z paraffin 153.5 1.8 18.5 2.2 15.2 82 >100000 Ex. 20 Plied; twisted 6/Nm44; 120Z PUR 153.5 1.6 23.8 2.5 Ex. 21 Plied; twisted 6/Nm44; 120Z PUR 153.5 1.7 27.3 2.9 21.5 79 24580 Ex. 22 Plied; twisted 6/Nm44; 120Z PUR 153.5 1.8 24.1 2.5 Ex. 23 Plied; twisted 18/Nm44; 120Z none 153.5 1.0 14.5 4.8 Ex. 24 Plied; twisted 18/Nm44; 120Z paraffin 153.5 1.6 19.1 2.8 

1. Process for making a monofilament-like product comprising the steps of: a) exposing a precursor of indefinite length containing at least one strand comprised of a spun yarn of polyolefin staple fibres to a temperature within the melting point range of the polyolefin fibres for a time sufficient to soften the staple fibers without partial melting and allow adjacent staple fibers to at least partly fuse to one another, and b) simultaneously with step a) stretching the precursor at a draw ratio of at least 1.0.
 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the draw ratio is from 1.2 to
 25. 3. Process according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin is ultra-high molar mass polyethylene.
 4. Process according to claim 1, wherein the staple fibres have been obtained by stretch-breaking of a polyolefin multifilament yarn.
 5. Process according to claim 1, wherein the precursor contains plied and twisted strands.
 6. Process according to claim 1, further comprising a step preceding step a) of pretreating the precursor in order to enhance inter fibre bonding.
 7. Process according to claim 6, wherein pretreating comprises applying an oil to the precursor.
 8. Process according to claim 6, wherein pretreating comprises applying a polyurethane composition to the precursor.
 9. Process according to claim 1, further comprising a step of applying a coating composition to the product after steps a) and b).
 10. Monofilament-like product comprising an at least partly fused spun yarn made from polyolefin staple fibres made by the process according to claim
 1. 11. A fishing line which comprises a monofilament-like product according to claim
 10. 12. A cut-resistant article which comprises a monofilament-like product according to claim
 10. 13. Monofilament-like product according to claim 10, comprising an outer surface layer in which the polyolefin staple fibers are at least partly fused to one another.
 14. Monofilament-like product according to claim 13, wherein the polyolefin staple fibers are at least partly fused to one another in both the outer surface layer and an inner layer of the product.
 15. Monofilament-like product comprising a spun yarn made from polyolefin staple fibers, wherein adjacent ones of the staple fibers are at least partly fused without being partially melted.
 16. Process according to claim 1, wherein step a) is practiced such that adjacent polyolefin staple fibers in at least an outer surface layer of the monofilament-like product are at least partly fused to one another without partial melting.
 17. Process according to claim 16, wherein step a) is practiced to at least partly fuse staple fibers to one another without melting in both the outer layer and an inner layer of the monofilament-like product. 